PHP Sessions (Very Simple Examples)

Welcome to a beginner’s tutorial on working with sessions in PHP. So you have heard of this session thing, and trying to figure out how it works? Let us walk through some super simple examples in this guide – Read on!

ⓘ I have included a zip file with all the example source code at the start of this tutorial, so you don’t have to copy-paste everything… Or if you just want to dive straight in.

 

 

TLDR – QUICK SLIDES

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

QUICK NOTES

If you spot a bug, feel free to comment below. I try to answer short questions too, but it is one person versus the entire world… If you need answers urgently, please check out my list of websites to get help with programming.

 

EXAMPLE CODE DOWNLOAD

Click here to download the source code, I have released it under the MIT license, so feel free to build on top of it or use it in your own project.

 

 

 

WHAT IS A SESSION?

What the heck is a “session”?

• PHP variables are temporary – They “disappear” and “cannot be carried onto another page”.
• Sessions are a way to “save user data”, and allow data to persist over multiple pages.

 

PART 1) START/RESUME SESSION

1A) PHP SESSION START

<?php
// (A) START SESSION
session_start();
 
// (B) SESSION VARIABLES
$_SESSION["hello"] = "world";
$hello = "world";
 
// (C) OUTPUT
print_r($_SESSION); // ["hello" => "world"]
echo $hello; // "world"

1. To start a session, call session_start().
2. Just assign whatever you want to keep into $_SESSION["KEY"] = "VALUE".
3. Here, we have assigned both $_SESSION["hello"] = "world" and $hello = "world".

 

 

1B) RESUME SESSION

<?php
// (A) START/RESUME SESSION
session_start();
 
// (B) OUTPUT
print_r($_SESSION); // ["hello" => "world"]
echo $hello; // gone - undefined variable

1. To resume the session, call the same old session_start().
2. As demonstrated, the session still contains $_SESSION["hello"] = "world", but $hello has perished at the end of 1a-start.php.

 

PART 2) APPEND DATA TO THE SESSION

<?php
// (A) START/RESUME SESSION
session_start();
 
// (B) APPEND TO SESSION
$_SESSION["name"] = "Jon Doe";
$_SESSION["colors"] = ["Red", "Green", "Blue"];
 
// (C) OUTPUT
print_r($_SESSION); // [hello, name, colors]

No sweat. Just use $_SESSION like a “normal array” and assign more keys/values to it.

 

 

PART 3) SESSION CAN ONLY CONTAIN KEY/VALUE PAIRS

<?php
// (A) START/RESUME SESSION
session_start();
 
// (B) BAD WAYS TO ASSIGN SESSION VALUES
// $_SESSION = "hello";
// $_SESSION = 123;
// $_SESSION = ["hello", "world"];

Take extra note that $_SESSION is a “special variable”, and it can only accept $_SESSION["KEY"] = "VALUE" pairs.

• If you assign a flat string or number into $_SESSION, it will only work for the current script.
  • That is, $_SESSION = "hello".
  • echo $_SESSION will give you "hello" for the current script.
  • But in another script, $_SESSION will “restore” to its “last valid keys/values” state.
• If you assign an indexed array $_SESSION = [1, 2, 3], PHP will outright throw a warning.

 

PART 4) UNSETTING SESSION DATA

<?php
// (A) START/RESUME SESSION
session_start();
 
// (B) SET SESSION VARIABLES
$_SESSION = [
  "name" => "Jon",
  "age" => 999,
  "gender" => "Male"
];
print_r($_SESSION); // [name, age, gender]
 
// (C) UNSET
unset($_SESSION["age"]);
print_r($_SESSION); // [name, gender]

To remove certain data from the session, simply unset($_SESSION["KEY"]).

 

 

PART 5) END SESSION

<?php
// (A) START/RESUME SESSION
session_start();
print_r($_SESSION);
 
// (B) END SESSION
session_destroy();
unset($_SESSION);
print_r($_SESSION); // cleared - undefined

• To end a session, use session_destroy().
• Take extra note – Data inside $_SESSION will still remain until the end of the current script. If you want to “fully destroy” the current session immediately, you will have to call unset($_SESSION).

 

 

HOW DO SESSIONS WORK?

To shed some light on the technical backend here. When session_start() is called:

• PHP will generate a PHPSESSID unique ID cookie.
• A corresponding sess_PHPSESSID file will also be created on the server.

So whenever we assign $_SESSION["KEY"] = "VALUE", it will be saved into the sess_PHPSESSID file. For those who are lost, it will be easier to think of sess_PHPSESSID as a “save game file”; Data is restored from this file whenever the user revisits the webpage.

 

SESSION RESTRICTIONS

• Take note that sessions have an expiry time as set in session.cookie_lifetime of php.ini.
• If the user clears the cookies, the session will also be lost.
• Sessions are file-based. If you are working with distributed servers, this may end up with some trouble (unless you have a way to share the session file across different servers). Consider setting the session to save into a database instead. See the “cross-domain session” link below.

 

REFERENCES & LINKS

• Session Super Global – PHP
• Start Session – PHP
• Destroy Session – PHP
• Cross-Domain Session – Code Boxx

 

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